Social function: to amuse, to entertain the readers.
Generic structure :
* Orientation : who was involved, when and where was it happened
* Evaluation : a stepping back to evaluate the plight
* Complication : a problem arises and followed by other problems
* Resolution : provide solution the problem
* Reorientation (optional)
Language features :
* Use of noun phrases, such as : a beautiful princess, a huge temple
* Use of adverbial phrases of time and place, such as : in the garden, two day ago
* Use of simple past tense, such as : he walked away from the village
* Use of action verbs, such as : walked, slept
* Use of adjectives phrases, such as : long black hair
Example:
Generic structure :
* Orientation : who was involved, when and where was it happened
* Evaluation : a stepping back to evaluate the plight
* Complication : a problem arises and followed by other problems
* Resolution : provide solution the problem
* Reorientation (optional)
Language features :
* Use of noun phrases, such as : a beautiful princess, a huge temple
* Use of adverbial phrases of time and place, such as : in the garden, two day ago
* Use of simple past tense, such as : he walked away from the village
* Use of action verbs, such as : walked, slept
* Use of adjectives phrases, such as : long black hair
Example:
The Smartest Parrot
Once upon time, a man had a wonderful parrot. There was no
other parrot like it. The parrot could say every word, except one word. The
parrot would not say the name of the place where it was born. The name of the
place was Catano.
The man felt excited having the smartest parrot but he could not understand why the parrot would not say Catano. The man tried to teach the bird to say Catano however the bird kept not saying the word.
At the first, the man was very nice to the bird but then he got very angry. “You stupid bird!” pointed the man to the parrot. “Why can’t you say the word? Say Catano! Or I will kill you” the man said angrily. Although he tried hard to teach, the parrot would not say it. Then the man got so angry and shouted to the bird over and over; “Say Catano or I’ll kill you”. The bird kept not to say the word of Catano.
One day, after he had been trying so many times to make the bird say Catano, the man really got very angry. He could not bear it. He picked the parrot and threw it into the chicken house. There were four old chickens for next dinner “You are as stupid as the chickens. Just stay with them” Said the man angrily. Then he continued to humble; “You know, I will cut the chicken for my meal. Next it will be your turn, I will eat you too, stupid parrot”. After that he left the chicken house.
The next day, the man came back to the chicken house. He opened the door and was very surprised. He could not believe what he saw at the chicken house. There were three death chickens on the floor. At the moment, the parrot was standing proudly and screaming at the last old chicken; “Say Catano or I’ll kill you”.
The man felt excited having the smartest parrot but he could not understand why the parrot would not say Catano. The man tried to teach the bird to say Catano however the bird kept not saying the word.
At the first, the man was very nice to the bird but then he got very angry. “You stupid bird!” pointed the man to the parrot. “Why can’t you say the word? Say Catano! Or I will kill you” the man said angrily. Although he tried hard to teach, the parrot would not say it. Then the man got so angry and shouted to the bird over and over; “Say Catano or I’ll kill you”. The bird kept not to say the word of Catano.
One day, after he had been trying so many times to make the bird say Catano, the man really got very angry. He could not bear it. He picked the parrot and threw it into the chicken house. There were four old chickens for next dinner “You are as stupid as the chickens. Just stay with them” Said the man angrily. Then he continued to humble; “You know, I will cut the chicken for my meal. Next it will be your turn, I will eat you too, stupid parrot”. After that he left the chicken house.
The next day, the man came back to the chicken house. He opened the door and was very surprised. He could not believe what he saw at the chicken house. There were three death chickens on the floor. At the moment, the parrot was standing proudly and screaming at the last old chicken; “Say Catano or I’ll kill you”.
Social function : to retell event for the purpose of
informing or entertaining.
Generic structure :
* Orientation : who were involved, when and where was it happened
* Events : tell what happened in a chronological order
* Re-orientation : optional-closure of events
Language features :
* Use of material processes
* Use of action verbs in past, such as : when,studied
* Use of past tense, such as : we went for a trip to the zoo
* Use of adverbial phrases
* Use of adjectives
Example :
Generic structure :
* Orientation : who were involved, when and where was it happened
* Events : tell what happened in a chronological order
* Re-orientation : optional-closure of events
Language features :
* Use of material processes
* Use of action verbs in past, such as : when,studied
* Use of past tense, such as : we went for a trip to the zoo
* Use of adverbial phrases
* Use of adjectives
Example :
My Rush Time as a Journalist
I usually woke up at eight o’clock a.m. and went to the
Press Center to check the daily schedule of briefings and press conferences. It
was usually held by the United Nation officials or disaster mitigation team.
It was challenging to visit different refugee camps to find soft stories, human interest stories. After that I went back to the Press Center to cover the press conferences of the day.
It was heart breaking when I saw these survivors fight for food and secondhand clothing. Unfortunately as they said, the food and clothing were limited and inadequate. Emerging to glaring, fool noon, it was time to go back to Press Center to write stories and race against time. I was always fearing that the internet would come crushing down.
After everything was done, only then I remembered to eat. Most times, I only ate once a day because I always had to rush and again it was difficult to find food. I had to travel quite far. I needed to spend a 30 to 45 minutes by car just to find fresh food.
It was challenging to visit different refugee camps to find soft stories, human interest stories. After that I went back to the Press Center to cover the press conferences of the day.
It was heart breaking when I saw these survivors fight for food and secondhand clothing. Unfortunately as they said, the food and clothing were limited and inadequate. Emerging to glaring, fool noon, it was time to go back to Press Center to write stories and race against time. I was always fearing that the internet would come crushing down.
After everything was done, only then I remembered to eat. Most times, I only ate once a day because I always had to rush and again it was difficult to find food. I had to travel quite far. I needed to spend a 30 to 45 minutes by car just to find fresh food.
Social function : to describe the way things are (for
example : a man – made thing, animals, plants). The things must be a
representative of their class
Generic structure :
* General classification : introduces the topic of the reports/tells what phenomenon under discussing it
* Description : tell the details of topic such as physical appearance parts, qualities, habits/behavior
Language features :
* Emotive words, such as : alarmed, worried
* Words that qualify statements, such as : usual probably
* Words that link argument, such as : snakes often sunbathe in the sun
* Use of technical terms, such as : water contains oxygen and hydrogen
* Use of relating verbs, such as : is, are, has
Example :
Generic structure :
* General classification : introduces the topic of the reports/tells what phenomenon under discussing it
* Description : tell the details of topic such as physical appearance parts, qualities, habits/behavior
Language features :
* Emotive words, such as : alarmed, worried
* Words that qualify statements, such as : usual probably
* Words that link argument, such as : snakes often sunbathe in the sun
* Use of technical terms, such as : water contains oxygen and hydrogen
* Use of relating verbs, such as : is, are, has
Example :
Birds
Birds are interesting flying animals. They are vertebrates
and warm blooded animals. They belong to aves class and they can be found all
over the world.
Birds breath with their air pocket. Beside as respiration organ, air pocket also can enlarge or reduce their weight when flying or swimming.
There are many kinds of birds. Earth bird has special characteristic. They have different morphology according to their food and their habitat. Some of them eat seeds, pollen, fish or meat. There are some species that live in land and the others live in water. Land birds live on their nest.
Female birds have specific tasks. they lay eggs and feed their baby, Beside that they look for foods for their baby.
Birds breath with their air pocket. Beside as respiration organ, air pocket also can enlarge or reduce their weight when flying or swimming.
There are many kinds of birds. Earth bird has special characteristic. They have different morphology according to their food and their habitat. Some of them eat seeds, pollen, fish or meat. There are some species that live in land and the others live in water. Land birds live on their nest.
Female birds have specific tasks. they lay eggs and feed their baby, Beside that they look for foods for their baby.
Social function : to describe a particular person,
place or thing
Generic structure:
ü Identification : identify phenomenon to be described
ü Description : describe parts, qualities, characteristics
Language features:
* Focus on specific participants
* Use of attributive and identifying processes
* Frequent use classifiers in nominal groups
* Use of the simple present tense
Example:
Generic structure:
ü Identification : identify phenomenon to be described
ü Description : describe parts, qualities, characteristics
Language features:
* Focus on specific participants
* Use of attributive and identifying processes
* Frequent use classifiers in nominal groups
* Use of the simple present tense
Example:
THE AMAZING TAJ MAHAL IN INDIA
Taj Mahal is regarded as one of the eight wonders of the world. It was built by a Muslim Emperor Shah Jahan in the memory of his dear wife at Agra.
Taj Mahal is a Mausoleum that houses the grave of queen Mumtaz Mahal. The mausoleum is a part of a vast complex comprising of a main gateway, an elaborate garden, a mosque (to the left), a guest house (to the right), and several other palatial buildings. The Taj is at the farthest end of this complex, with the river Jamuna behind it.
The Taj stands on a raised, square platform (186 x 186 feet) with its four corners truncated, forming an unequal octagon. The architectural design uses the interlocking arabesque concept, in which each element stands on its own and perfectly integrates with the main structure. It uses the principles of self-replicating geometry and a symmetry of architectural elements.
Its central dome is fifty-eight feet in diameter and rises to a height of 213 feet. It is flanked by four subsidiary domed chambers. The four graceful, slender minarets are 162.5 feet each. The central domed chamber and four adjoining chambers include many walls and panels of Islamic decoration.
Taj Mahal is built entirely of white marble. Its stunning architectural beauty is beyond adequate description, particularly at dawn and sunset. The Taj seems to glow in the light of the full moon. On a foggy morning, the visitors experience the Taj as if suspended when viewed from across the Jamuna river.
Social function
: to critique an art work or event for a public audience
Generic structure:
* Orientation : background information on
the text
* Evaluation : concluding
statement/judgement/opinion
* Interpretative recount : summary of an
art work including characters and plot
* Evaluative summation : the last opinion
consisting the appraisal or the punch line of the art work being criticized
Language features
:
* Focus on specific participants
* Use of adjective
* Use of long and complex clauses
* Use of metaphore
* Reviews are used to summarize, analyze,
and respond to art works. They may include : movie, books, play, concerts, etc
Example :
2012 Film Review
2012 is Roland Emmerich's film which uses the Mayan calendar
and other end-of-days prophecies for their doomsday scenario. It imagines the
world coming to an end in 2012.
2012 film brings off a series of wonders. The movie hits its
peak early on. It starts when Cusack drives a limo through the streets of Los
Angeles as freeways and skyscrapers crumble all around him from the shock of a
10.5 earthquake. The preposterous flying sequence is equally thrilling. The
climax occurs aboard the giant ark, when an equipment malfunction almost
threatens the entire mission.
Unfortunately, the crucial sequence is not filmed or edited
with the requisite clarity. In 2012 film, Emmerich leaves us befuddled as to
exactly what is happening to whom. However, Emmerich' 2012 deserves credit for
offbeat casting. Cusack supplies his trademark hangdog charm. McCarthy has
perhaps his best role ever as Peet's cocky. Danny Glover lends dignity to the
role of the tormented president. Chiwetel Ejiofor, as the chief scientist,
brings a moving sense of anguish to a stock role. Platt has fun playing the
villain of the piece, and Woody Harrelson also chews the scenery as a bug-eyed
radio prophet trying to warn his listeners about Armageddon.
All in one, 2012's cinematography, production design and
visual effects are awards-worthy. Music also propels the movie. It presents
American Idol runner-up, Adam Lambert, who provides a rousing anthem over the
end credits.
Social function
: to inform the readers, listeners or viewers about an event of the day
which are considered news-worthy or important
Generic structure
:
* News worthy event : tells the event in a
summary from
* Background events : elaborate what
happened, tell what caused the incident
* Sources : comments by participant, witnesses,
authorities and experts involved in the event
Language features
:
* Information on the use of headlines
* Use of action verbs, such as : hit,
attack
* Use of saying verbs, such as : said,
added, claimed
* Use of passive sentences, such as : aceh
was hit by Tsunami in 2004
* Use of a verbs in passive sentences,
such as : the victims were badly injured
Example :
Mini-tornado, hail strikes South Bandung
A “mini-tornado” coupled with a hail storm hit some areas in
South Bandung on Wednesday afternoon for approximately 30 minutes.
The weather panicked residents as hail stones penetrated
corrugated iron rooftops. The wind swirled things around while hail stones made
thudding sounds on our roof. Residents reported that the authorities had shut
down the electricity in the area to prevent short circuits
“There was no sign of rain. All of a sudden, we saw dark
clouds above followed by strong winds. Afterwards, it rained hard with hail
stones,” said a resident.
Definition and Social Function of Anecdote
Anecdote is a text which retells funny and unusual incidents
in fact or imagination.
Its purpose is to entertain the readers.
Generic structure
:
* Abstract : signals the retelling of an
unusual incident
* Orientation : sets the scene
* Cisis : provides details of the unusual
incident
* Reaction : reaction of crisis
* Moral option – reflection on or
evaluation of the incident
Language features
:
* Use of exclamation, rethoriquestions and
intensifies to poin up the significance of the events
* Use of material processes to tell what
happened
* Use of temporal conjunction
Example :
Al Brown was very
good at fixing things around the housewhen they broke. One day he went to
another city to do some works there, and his wife was alone in the house.
While Mr. Brown was away, one of the faucets on the bathtub broke. Mrs. Brown didn’t know much about fixing broken faucets, so she telephoned a plumber.
The plumber came to
the house that afternoon and fixed the faucet in a few minutes. When he
finished, he gave Mrs. Brown his bill for the work.
She looked at it for
several seconds and then said, “Your prices are very high, aren’t they? Do you
know, the doctor costs less than this when he comes to the house?”
“Yes, I know,”
answered the plumber. “I know that very well, because I was a doctor until I
was lucky enough to find this job a few months ago.”
Social function : to tell an event with a
humorous twist.
Generic structure :
* Orientation : who were involved, when
and where was happened
* Events : tell what happened in a chronological
order
* Twist : provide the funniest part of the
story
Language features :
* Use of connectives, such as : first,
then, finally
* Use of adverbial phrases of time and
places, such as : in the garden, two days ago
* Use of simple past tense, such as : he
walked away from the village
Example :
The Zoo Job Story
One day a clown was visiting the zoo and attempted to earn
some money by making a street performance. He acted and mimed perfectly some
animal acts. As soon as he started to drive a crowd, a zoo keeper grabbed him
and dragged him into his office. The zoo keeper explained to the clown that the
zoo's most popular gorilla had died suddenly and the keeper was fear that
attendance at the zoo would fall off. So he offered the clown a job to dress up
as the gorilla until the zoo could get another one.
The clown accepted this great opportunity. So the next
morning the clown put on the gorilla suit and entered the cage before the crowd
came. He felt that it was a great job. He could sleep all he wanted, played and
made fun of people and he drove bigger crowds than he ever did as a clown. He
pretended the gorilla successfully.
However, eventually the crowds were tired of him for just
swinging on tires. He began to notice that the people were paying more
attention to the lion in the next cage. Not wanting to lose the attention of
his audience, he decided to make a spectacular performance. He climbed to the
top of his cage, crawled across a partition, and dangled from the top to the
lion's cage. Of course, this made the lion furious, but the crowd people loved
it.
At the end of the day the zoo keeper came and gave him a
raise for being such a good attraction. Well, this went on for some time, he
kept taunting the lion, the audience crowd grew a larger, and his salary kept
going up. Then one terrible day happened. When he was dangling over the furious
lion, he slipped and fell into the lion cage. The clown was really in big
terrible situation. He was terrified.
Sooner the lion gathered itself and prepared to pounce. The clown was so scared. He could do nothing and he began to run round and round the cage with the lion close and closer behind. Finally, the lion could catch him. The clown started screaming and yelling, "Help me, help me!", but the lion was quick and pounces. The clown soon found himself flat on his back looking up at the angry lion and suddenly he heard a voice from the lion’s mouth;"Shut up you idiot! Do you want to get us both fired?".
Sooner the lion gathered itself and prepared to pounce. The clown was so scared. He could do nothing and he began to run round and round the cage with the lion close and closer behind. Finally, the lion could catch him. The clown started screaming and yelling, "Help me, help me!", but the lion was quick and pounces. The clown soon found himself flat on his back looking up at the angry lion and suddenly he heard a voice from the lion’s mouth;"Shut up you idiot! Do you want to get us both fired?".
Social function : to persuade the readers or
the listeners that something should or should not be the case.
Generic structure
:
* Thesis : stating an issue of concern
* Arguments : giving reasons for concern,
leading recommendation
* Recommendation : stating what ought or
ought not to happen
Language features
:
* Emotive words, such as : alarmed,
worried
* Words that qualify statements, such as :
usual, probably
* Words that link arguments, such as :
firstly, however, on the other hand, therefore
* Usually present tense
* Compound and complex sentences
* Modal auxiliary, such as : can, may,
must, should
Example :
Learning English through music and songs is Fun
Learning English through music and songs can be very
enjoyable. You can mix pleasure with learning when you listen to a song and
exploit the song as a means to your English progress. Some underlying reason
can be drawn to support the idea why we use songs in language learning.
Firstly, “the song stuck in my head” Phenomenon (the echoing
in our minds of the last song we heard after leaving a restaurant, shopping
malls, etc) can be both enjoyable and sometimes unnerving. This phenomenon also
seems to reinforce the idea that songs work on our short-and-long term memory.
Secondly, songs in general also use simple conversational
language, with a lot of repetition, which is just what many learners look for
sample text. The fact that they are effective makes them many times more
motivating than other text. Although usually simple, some songs can be quite
complex syntactically, lexically and poetically, and can be analyzed in the
same way as any other literary sample.
Furthermore, song can be appropriated by listener for their
own purpose. Most pop songs and probably many other types don’t have precise
people, place or time reference.
In addition, songs are relaxing. They provide variety and
fun, and encourage harmony within oneself and within one group. Little wonder
they are important tools in sustaining culture, religion, patriotism and yeas,
even revolution.
Last but not least, there are many learning activities we
can do with songs such as studying grammar, practicing selective listening
comprehension, translating songs, learning vocabulary, spelling and culture.
From the elaboration above, it can be concluded that
learning through music and songs, learning English can be enjoyable and fun.
Social function
: to persuade the readers or the listeners that something in the case,
to analyze or to explain.
Generic structure
:
* Thesis : usually includes a preview
argument. It introduce topics and indicates the writer’s position
* Argument : consists of a point and
elaboration sequence. The number of points may vary, but each must be supported
by discussion and evidence
* Reiteration : restates the position more
forcefully in the light of the arguments presented
Language features :
* Emotive words, such as : alarmed,
worried
* Words that qualify statements, such as :
usual probably
* Words that link arguments, such as :
firstly, however, on the other hand, therefore
* Usually present tense
* Compound and complex sentences
Example :
Is Smoking Good for Us?
Before we are going to smoke, it is better to look at the
fact. About 50 thousands people die every year in Britain as direct result of
smoking. This is seven times as many as die in road accidents. Nearly a quarter
of smokers die because of diseases caused by smoking.
Ninety percent of lung cancers are caused by smoking. If we
smoke five cigarettes a day, we are six times more likely to die of lung cancer
than a non smoker. If we smoke twenty cigarettes a day, the risk is nineteen
greater. Ninety five percent of people who suffer of bronchitis are people who
are smoking. Smokers are two and half times more likely to die of heart disease
than non smokers.
Additionally, children of smoker are more likely to develop
bronchitis and pneumonia. In one hour in smoky room, non smoker breathes as
much as substance causing cancer as if he had smoked fifteen cigarettes.
Smoking is really good for tobacco companies because they do
make much money from smoking habit. Smoking however is not good for every body
else.
Social function
: to present information and opinions about more than one side of an
issue (“for” point and “against” point)
Generic structure
:
* Issue : statement and preview
* Argument for and against or statement of
different points of view
* Concluci or recommendation
Language features
:
* Use of general nouns, such as : alcohol,
abortion, smoking, etc
* Use of realiting verbs, such as : is,
are, etc
* Use of thinking verbs, such as : think,
feel, hope, believe, etc
* Use of additive connective, such as :
addition, furthermore, besides, etc
* Use of contrastives, such as : although,
even, if nevertheless
* Use of causal connectives, such as :
because, because of, etc
* Use of modal auxiliary, such as : must,
should, etc
* Use of adverbial manner, such as :
hopefully
Example :
Adventages and Disadventages of Internet
Computer, tablet, mobile phone, and other devices connected
to Internet have been the most outstanding innovation in the history of
mankind. As with every single innovation, internet has its own advantages and
disadvantages.
The target of internet has always been the communication. By
the advent of computer's Internet, our earth has reduced and has attained the
form of a global village. Now we can communicate in a fraction of second with a
person who is sitting in the other parts of the world. Today for better
communication, we can avail the facilities of e-mail; we can chat for hours
with our loved ones. There are plenty messenger services in offering. With help
of such services, it has become very easy to establish a kind of global
friendship.
However, Internet also has disadvantageous sides. One of
them is the wide spread of unsuitable content for kids. It is a very serious
issue and related to children's healthy mental life. There are thousands of such
inappropriate contents on the Internet which can be easily found.
Though, internet can also create havoc, destruction and its
misuse can be very fatal, the advantages of it outweigh its disadvantages.
Social function descriptive : to help us do tasks or
make something. They can be a set of instruction or directions.
Generic structure :
* Goals : the final purpose of doing the
instruction
* Materials : ingredients, utensils,
equipment, to do the instruction
* Steps : a set of instruction to achieve
the final purpose
Language features descriptive :
* Use of imperative, such as : cut….,
don’t mix….
* Use of action verbs, such as : turn, put
* Use of connectives, such as : first,
then, finally
Example :
How To Make a Chocolate Pound Cake
Ingredients :
• 1/4 cup Process Cocoa
• 2-1/4 cups Cake Flour
• 3/4 cup Sugar
• 3 Egg Whites
• 1 tsp Powdered Sugar
• 2 tsp Vanilla
• 3/4 tsp Baking Soda
• 8 Ounces Low-Fat Yogurt
• 1/4 cup Margarine
• 1/4 tsp Salt
• 1/4 cup Prune Puree
How to make Chocolate Pound Cake :
• Grease the sides and bottom of a loaf pan with cooking spray.
• Sprinkle one teaspoon flour and leave aside.
• Blend prunes puree with margarine in a bowl. Add sugar and beat properly.
• Add egg whites in the above and beat again for 5 minutes until blended. Now add vanilla.
• Mix together the remaining flour, soda, cocoa and salt in a separate bowl.
• Add it to the prune puree blend alternatively with yoghurt.
• Pour this mixture into the greased loaf pan.
• Bake for 55-60 minutes in a preheated oven at 350 degrees F.
• Allow to cool and chocolate pound cake is ready.
• 1/4 cup Process Cocoa
• 2-1/4 cups Cake Flour
• 3/4 cup Sugar
• 3 Egg Whites
• 1 tsp Powdered Sugar
• 2 tsp Vanilla
• 3/4 tsp Baking Soda
• 8 Ounces Low-Fat Yogurt
• 1/4 cup Margarine
• 1/4 tsp Salt
• 1/4 cup Prune Puree
How to make Chocolate Pound Cake :
• Grease the sides and bottom of a loaf pan with cooking spray.
• Sprinkle one teaspoon flour and leave aside.
• Blend prunes puree with margarine in a bowl. Add sugar and beat properly.
• Add egg whites in the above and beat again for 5 minutes until blended. Now add vanilla.
• Mix together the remaining flour, soda, cocoa and salt in a separate bowl.
• Add it to the prune puree blend alternatively with yoghurt.
• Pour this mixture into the greased loaf pan.
• Bake for 55-60 minutes in a preheated oven at 350 degrees F.
• Allow to cool and chocolate pound cake is ready.
Social function : to explain the process involved in
the formation or working of natural or socio cultural phenomena
Generic structure :
* A general statement : to position the
reader
* A sequence explanation of why or how
something occurs
Language features :
* Focus of generic, non-human participant
* Use mainly of general and abstract
nouns, action verbs, simple present tense, passive voice, conjunction of time
and cause, noun phrases, complex sentences, and technical language.
Example :
How does Rain Happen?
Rain is the primary source of fresh water for most areas of
the world, providing suitable conditions for diverse ecosystems, as well as
water for hydroelectric power plants and crop irrigation.
The phenomenon of rain is actually a water circle. The
concept of the water cycle involves the sun heating the Earth's surface water
and causing the surface water to evaporate. The water vapor rises into the
Earth's atmosphere. The water in the atmosphere cools and condenses into liquid
droplets. The droplets grow until they are heavy and fall to the earth as
precipitation which can be in the form of rain or snow.
However, not all rain reaches the surface. Some evaporates
while falling through dry air. This is called virga, a phenomenon which is
often seen in hot, dry desert regions.
Source : http://satwikasaktaremidi.blogspot.com/2012/03/explanation-text.html
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